main page a to z search uccs calender uccs directory news help Kraemer Family Library
Library Home Hours Find Books Find Articles Remote Access Library Contacts Library A-Z


Finding Company Information

Public vs. Private | Parent vs. Subsidiary
Basic Information
| Financial Statements | Ratio Analysis | Market Share | Competitors
Company History | Analysts Reports | Articles & News
Private Companies
| International Companies

 

Public vs. Private

Most companies can be classified as either public or private. Public companies sell stock to the general public, so anyone can buy shares in the company and become an owner. Because of this, the federal government requires public companies to release a great deal of information about their finances and operations.

Researching private companies can be a complex process. Private companies are not required to submit financial data to the SEC, and as a result, information on these companies is not readily available. Private company stock is typically owned by the principles in the company (founders, family members, key employees, etc.).  If a stockholder wishes to sell his stock, he may sell to anyone he chooses, but typically, it is offered to existing stockholders. There is no marketplace to buy and sell shares of private companies.  Financial disclosures of privately held companies do not have to be made to the public. These companies do not publish annual reports or share information about themselves to major business publishers. This is also true for subsidiaries of publicly held firms.  The parent company reports information as a whole, making information on the division or subsidiary harder to find.

 

Parent vs. Subsidiary

Many large companies actually own all or part of other companies.  If the parent company owns the subsidiary completely, the financial information about the subsidiary will probably not be available in any detail. Instead, the financial information for all the subsidiaries will be combined into the consolidated financial statements of the parent company. Sometimes the parent only owns a fraction of the subsidiary; in those cases, the subsidiary may release its own financial statements.

For information on subsidiaries, try one of the following sources.

Print:  LexisNexis Corporate Affiliations (8 Vols)
Available in the Kraemer Library reference collection, call number HG4057 A219 2003
This eight-volume work is divided into U.S. Public and Private companies and International Public and Private companies. The principle of organization for this set is geographical (by parent company) and hierarchical (by company reportage). Subsidiaries of a parent company, no matter where they are located, will be found in the same volume as the ultimate parent. Comes with Master Index.

Database: General Business File ASAP
Database with on campus and remote access.
Click on 'Advanced Search' from the left hand menu, then click on the link to 'Company Profiles' at the bottom of the page.  Type in your company name in the search box at the top of the screen, then click on the company you are interested in.  Select 'Subsidiary Profiles' link to access profiles on their subsidiaries.

 

Basic Information

These are great starting points that provide a variety of company information in one spot. 

Database:  Hoover's Online
Database with on campus and remote access.
Search for your company to get a fact sheet.  Use the blue menu on the left to get more information (overview, financial statements, history, products/operations, industry information, competitors, news, etc.).

Database: Business Source Premier
Database with on campus and remote access.
Click on the 'Company Profiles' tab at the top of the search screen and type in company name.  Click on the PDF Datamonitor reports to get information such as history, description, products & services, competitors, employees/employee bios, locations and subsidiaries, company view, and a SWOT analysis.

Database:  Business and Company Resource Center
Database with on campus and remote access.
Type in your company name in the search box at the top of the screen and use the tabs at the top to find information such as news, history, investment reports, rankings, products, industry overview, and associations.

Database: General Business File ASAP
Database with on campus and remote access.
Click on 'Advanced Search' from the left hand menu, then click on the link to 'Company Profiles' at the bottom of the page.  Type in your company name in the search box at the top of the screen, then click on the company you are interested in.  A brief company profile is provided, and articles about the company are divided into subcategories on the right hand side of the page.

 

Financial Statements

Public companies report their financials in several different filings with the SEC, and different types of financial statements will provide different types of information about the company.  Check the balance sheet for assets and liabilities, and the income statement for revenues and profit.  The following sources below will provide financial information.

Database: Hoover's Online
Database with on campus and remote access.
Search for your company to get a fact sheet.  Use the blue menu on the left to get quarterly or annual financials.

Web Site: EDGAR
Use EDGAR to view the full text of company filings with the SEC.

Database:  Academic Universe Disclosure Reports
Database with on campus and remote access.
Click on 'Business' from the left hand menu, then 'Company Financial Reports' from the list of options provided.  Type in company name and select desired date range from the search screen to pull up full text reports.

Print: Annual Report File
The Kraemer Library keeps a file of company annual reports in print for the latest 5 years.  The file is located next to the copy center on the main level.

Database:  WorldScope
Database with on campus and remote access.
Derived from corporate annual and 10K reports, disclosure statements, newspapers and wire services.  Each record includes a description of the business, selected key financials, ratios, and officers.

Ratio Analysis

What are business ratios?

Business ratios, also known as financial or operating ratios, are used to evaluate a company's financial position. By comparing a company's current ratios with ratios from previous years or ratios for an industry the researcher can readily assess a company's performance. Like all ratios, business ratios are calculated by dividing one number (numerator) by another (denominator), and are usually expressed in decimal form.  Use financial and profitability ratios to compare your company's performance to the industry's performance. 

Types of business ratios

There are four types of ratios: liquidity, leverage, activity, and profitability. Each of these types is used to judge a different aspect of the firm's performance, and thus the compilers and users of each of these ratios have different purposes in mind. The following are examples of each type:

TYPE    EXAMPLE  FORMULA
Liquidity  Current ratio   Total current assets 
Total current liabilities
Leverage  Debt-equity ratio         Total Debt       
 Total owner's equities
Activity Inventory turnover Cost of goods sold
 Inventory
Profitability Net Profit Net income
Sales

Ratios are usually classified as one of these four types; however, there may be differences in terminology and interpretation. For more information about ratios consult the following guides:

101 Business Ratios
Available in the Kraemer Library reference collection, call number HF5657.4 G38 1993

"Financial ratios" In Encyclopedia of Management, pp.319-322.
Available in the Kraemer Library reference collection, call number HD30.15 E49 2000)

Sources for Company Ratios

The company's financial statements are the chief source for ratio information on a particular company. Check the following sources:

Print: Annual Report File
The Kraemer Library keeps a file of company annual reports in print for the latest 5 years.  The file is located next to the copy center on the main level.
 

Print: Mergent's Manuals (formerly Moody's Manuals)
Available in the Kraemer Library reference collection, call number HG4900-5000
Contain financial statements from over 20,000 American and foreign corporations.

Print: Standard & Poor's Industry Surveys
Available in the Kraemer Library reference collection, call number HC106.6 S74
See "Comparative Company Analysis" within each industry survey for ratios of major corporations

Web Site: Corporate Information
Corporate information with selected ratios

Web Site: EDGAR
Security and Exchange Commission filings 1994- 

Database: Hoover's Online
Database with on campus and remote access.
Search for your company to see a fact sheet.  Use the menu on the left hand side and click on 'Financials' and then 'Comparison Data.' 

Web Site:  U.S. Business Reporter
Industry reports with selected financial ratios

Guides to other sources for ratios

Many trade associations compile and publish ratios.  They are frequently published in the annual statistical issues of trade journals. Use the following for access to these materials:

Print: Encyclopedia of Business Information Sources.
Available in the Kraemer Library reference collection, call number  HF5353 E52 1998
Includes more than 34,000 citations covering more than 1,100 business, financial, and industrial subjects.  Industry sections include citations to financial ratio resources.

 

Market Share

Market share can be broadly measured in two ways:  comparing data at the company level, or examining sales by individual brand.  Market share is defined as the ratio of sales of a brand to the total sales of that product-type in a particular area (city, county, continent, etc.). It can also be defined as the ratio of sales of a company's entire product line to the total sales of all related companies. 

Market share data can be difficult to find, and you may have to use multiple sources. 

Print: Market Share Reporter 
Available in the Kraemer Library reference collection, call number HF5410 .M35
An "annual compilation of market share reports from periodical literature" with over 2,000 entries arranged by 511 SIC codes. Each entry includes the source of the data (worth taking a look at if you need more information). Provides indexes by brand name, company, product/services, place names, and source. 

Print: World Market Share Reporter 
Available in the Kraemer Library reference collection, call number HF5410 .W67
Provides 1,600 entries covering 270 geographical locations from 1995 to 1999. Like MSR, each entry includes the source of the data. Entries listed in SIC order.

Database: Business and Company Resource Center
Database with on campus and remote access.
Type in your company name in the search box at the top of the screen and click on the 'Rankings' tab, then click on the 'Market Share' tab below.  (Sometimes this is not available.)

Print: Business Rankings Annual 
Available in the Kraemer Library reference collection, call number HG4050 .B88
Useful for company comparisons and market share by brand name.

Print: Annual Reports
Some annual reports provide the market share of a company's products, especially if the company is proud of its market share.  Look for this material in the introductory material (the glossy, promotional section) or the management's discussion. 
 

Articles, Trade Publications, and Associations
Periodical literature (trade magazines, general business magazines, and business newspapers) is another source of market share information.  Search one of the business periodical indexes listed below, or look for trade magazines for a particular industry to find articles on a particular product, service, company, or industry. Trade publications
can be valuable sources of information about a particular industry or your competitors. There are several strategies you can use to search for information in these sources:

Identify specific titles of trade publications or associations by looking in one of the sources listed above.  If they include a Web address, try browsing their sites.  Some will require you to subscribe, and others will provide information free of charge.  One example of a furniture retail association is the National Home Furnishings Association.  This and other furniture trade magazines and associations are listed in the Directory of Business Resources below.    

Print: Directory of Business Information Resources  
Available in the Kraemer Library reference collection, call number HF54.52.U5 D567  2005
Provides lists of associations, newsletters, magazines & journals, trade shows, directories & databases, and Web sites for particular industries.

Print: Encyclopedia of Business Information Sources 
Available in the Kraemer Library reference collection, call number HF5353 .E52 
This encyclopedia is organized by industry/topic. A list of "Periodicals and Newsletters" is provided for all the industries listed. The Encyclopedia also describes the abstracts and indexes, directories, encyclopedias and dictionaries, handbooks and manuals, statistical sources, trade and professional societies, and electronic databases available for each industry.

You can also find trade magazines in many of the article databases, such as:

Database: Business Dateline
Database with on campus and remote access.
This periodical index focuses on regional publications. Perform a subject search for "market share" and the product name, brand name, or company (for example, "market share and trucks"). 

Database: Academic Universe
Database with on campus and remote access.
Select the Business category from the main menu, then Business News.  From the Source List at the bottom of the search screen, select either Business & Finance (business and finance news sources and magazines) or Industry News (industry and trade sources on over fifty industries). 

Database:  Business & Industry
Database with on campus and remote access.

Database:  Business Source Premier
Database with on campus and remote access.

       

Competitors

Database: Hoover's Online
Database with on campus and remote access.
Search for your company to see a fact sheet.  Use the menu on the left hand side and click on 'Competitors.' 

Web Site: Switchboard.com
This works just like the local yellow pages.  Choose the yellow pages category and enter city and state to find a list of your company's competitors in a particular area. You might also check the local yellow pages in print for that area, if it is accessible. 

 

Company History

Database: Hoover's Online
Database with on campus and remote access.
Search for your company to see a fact sheet.  Use the menu on the left hand side and click on 'History.' 

Database: Hoovers Online via Academic Universe
Database with on campus and remote access.
Hoovers via the Lexis database will provide an extensive list of competitors.  To access Hoovers in the Lexis database, select the Business option from the left hand menu, then choose Company Profiles.  From the search screen, choose Hoover Company Reports from the drop down source menu. Records will include a basic record or an in depth records (has more information). 

Print: International Directory of Company Histories
Available in the Kraemer Library reference area, call number HD2721 .I63 1988
Most companies chosen for inclusion in this work have achieved a minimum of US$25 million in annual sales and are leading influences in their industries or geographical locations. Companies may be publicly held, private, or nonprofit. Look in the index of the last volume to find the most recent chapter on your company.  Use the volume and pages shown in bold print for the most complete profile.

Company Directories
Directories can provide you with lists of competitors in a specific geographic location or in a certain industry (ie. find all companies in Salt Lake City with SIC code 4812).  Titles in the Kraemer Library are listed below.

Print: Ward’s Business Directory of U.S. Private and Public Companies
Available in the Kraemer Library reference collection, call number HG4057 W3 2003
A comprehensive guide to over 114,500 companies in alphabetic, geographic, and industry arrangements. Ranks companies by sales within 4-digit SIC and 6-digit NAICS. Provides rankings and analyses of the industry activity of leading companies.

Print: LexisNexis Corporate Affiliations (8 Vols.)
Available in the Kraemer Library reference collection, call number HG4057 A219 2003
This eight-volume work is divided into U.S. Public and Private companies, and International Public and Private companies. The principle of organization for this set is geographical (by parent company) and hierarchical (by company reportage). Subsidiaries of a parent company, no matter where they are located, will be found in the same volume as the ultimate parent. Comes with Master Index.

Print: Dun & Bradstreet Million Dollar Directory
Available in the Kraemer Library reference collection, call number HC102 D8 2003
Comes in five volumes. Three volumes list businesses alphabetically; the fourth and fifth volumes cross-reference businesses by SIC code and geographically.

Print: F&S Index: United States Annual
Available in the Kraemer Library reference collection, call number HD2771 P74 2000
Covers company, product, and industry information from over 750 financial publications, business-oriented newspapers, trade magazines and special reports. The Company section is arranged alphabetically by company name. This section contains merger and acquisition data, joint venture information, sales and profits, analyses of companies by securities firms, and other corporate and financial data. Cross references are included for those subsidiary and parent companies also having entries in this annual.

Print: Ward’s Private Company Profiles
Available in the Kraemer Library reference collection, call number HG4009 W374
This is an annual series. Each volume covers approximately 150 privately held U.S. companies, which represent the full spectrum of economic activity in the United States. The companies profiled in this volume include industry leaders, up-and-coming companies, companies with sound operating and financial health, and companies that are in the midst of legal, financial, or management crises.

Print: Hoover’s Handbook of Private Companies
Available in the Kraemer Library reference collection, call number HG4009 H668 1998
Covers 710 major U.S. non-public business enterprises and provides in-depth profiles on 210 of the biggest and most influential industry giants, service leaders, financial powerhouses, and influential brand owners.

Print: Hoover’s Handbook of World Business
Available in the Kraemer Library reference collection, call number HG4009 H66 2001
Profiles 300 of the largest and most interesting enterprises headquartered outside the United States. These companies – from more than 30 countries – include industrial giants, technology and telecommunications leaders, global brand names, and major conglomerates.

Print: Hoover’s Handbook of American Business
Available in the Kraemer Library reference collection, call number HG4057 A28617 2003
Profiles 750 major U.S. business enterprises, including: more than 650 publicly held companies, from Abbott to Zale; more than 25 large private companies; mutual and cooperative organizations; and a selection of other influential enterprises.

Print: Hoover’s Handbook of Emerging Companies
Available in the Kraemer Library reference collection, call number HG4057 A28618 2000
Covers 500 of the fastest-growing U.S. business enterprises and profiles 100 to watch closely, including: innovative Internet companies such as eBay, Amazon.com, pcOrder.com, and Inktomi; thriving retailers such as Abercrombie & Fitch and Claire’s Stores; hot communications companies such as EarthLink Network and Global Crossing; and cool up-and-comers such as E*Trade and Quiksilver.

Print: Moody’s Complete Corporate Index
Available in the Kraemer Library reference collection, call number HG4961 M66
The comprehensive index to over 40,000 corporations in Moody’s Industrial, OTC Industrial, OTC Unlisted, Bank & Finance, Public Utility, Transportation and International Manuals.

Print: Directory of American Firms Operating in Foreign Countries (3 Vols.)
Available in the Kraemer Library reference collection, call number HG4538 A1 D5 1999
Volume 1, Part One lists, in alphabetical order, American firms that have operations abroad. Volume 1, Part Two, and Volumes 2 and 3 contain listings by country from Albania to Zimbabwe of the American firms’ foreign operations.

Print: Directory of Foreign Firms Operating in the United States
Available in the Kraemer Library reference collection, call number HG4057 A21943 2000
Contains over 2,400 foreign firms in 75 countries and more than 5,700 businesses in the U.S. which they own, wholly, or in part. Only the American headquarters and selected locations of each branch, subsidiary or affiliate are listed.

Print: Directory of Venture Capital Firms, Domestic & International
Available in the Kraemer Library reference collection, call number HG4751 F582 2001
Over 1,800 domestic and 600 international venture capital firms listed. Listings can include, in addition to name, address, phone, fax and web site – mission statement, industry group preferences, portfolio companies, geographic preferences, average and minimum investments, and investment criteria. Listings can also include extensive information on each of the firm’s key executives, their education (degree and school), professional background (previous positions and companies) and directorships held.

Print: CorpTech Directory of Technology Companies
Available in the Kraemer Library reference collection, call number HG4057 A16 1999
A comprehensive reference on over 52,000 U.S. entities that manufacture or develop high technology products. Profiles are included for over 12,000+ operating units of larger corporations, as well as 28,000+ private firms and 4,000+ public companies. Indexes by Company Name, Geographic, and Non-U.S. Parent Company are provided.

 

Analysts Reports

Database: Business Source Premier
Database with on campus and remote access.
Click on the 'Company Profiles' tab at the top of the search screen and type in company name.  Click on the PDF Datamonitor report for your company.  Most of these reports contain a SWOT analysis.

Database: Business and Company Resource Center
Database with on campus and remote access.
Type in your company name in the search box at the top of the screen and click on the 'Investment Reports' tab to get a list of reports.

Database: General Business File ASAP
Database with on campus and remote access.
Click on 'Advanced Search' from the left hand menu, then click on the link to 'Company Profiles' at the bottom of the page.  Type in your company name in the search box at the top of the screen, then click on the company you are interested in.  Select 'Investment Reports About This Company' link to access these reports.

 

Articles & News

The Kraemer Library has numerous sources covering business magazines, scholarly journals, trade publications, and financial newspapers.  These are the top picks for business topics.

Database: ABI/INFORM
Database with on campus and remote access.
Citations on business and management topics U.S. and international publications. 

Database: Business Source Premier
Database with on campus and remote access.
To find articles on a specific company, type in the company name in the search box, then select CO (Company Entity) from the drop down menu to the right.  This will limit your search to articles focusing on that company.  You can also limit your search to full text only by putting a check mark in the box that says 'Full Text' (under search screen), or limit your search to scholarly articles only by selecting 'Scholarly (Peer Reviewed) Journals'.

Database: Business and Company Resource Center
Database with on campus and remote access.
Type in your company name in the search box at the top of the screen and click on the 'News/Magazines' tab to get a list of reports.

Database: General Business File ASAP
Database with on campus and remote access.
Click on 'Advanced Search' from the left hand menu, then click on the link to 'Company Profiles' at the bottom of the page.  Type in your company name in the search box at the top of the screen, then click on the company you are interested in.  A brief company profile is provided, and articles about the company are divided into subcategories on the right hand side of the page.

Database: Business Management Practices
Database with on campus and remote access.
Business & Management Practices focuses on the practical aspects and approaches of business management. Updated weekly, this database offers highly-focused coverage of more than 300 core management journals and trade publications.

Database: Academic Universe
Database with on campus and remote access.
Provides access to a broad range of news, business, legal, and reference information. Choose “Business” and then choose” Company Financial”. Enter company name. Look for a report by Hoovers.  Key ratios for each company are presented.

Database: Business and Company Resource Center
Database with on campus and remote access.
Provides company and industry information of more than 300,000 companies including profiles, industry rankings, financial ratios, and investment reports.

Database: Business & Industry
Database with on campus and remote access.
Contains important facts, figures and key events dealing with public and private companies, industries, products and markets for all manufacturing and service industries at an international level. B&I focuses on a body of literature that includes leading trade magazines, newsletters, the general business press and international business dailies.

Database: EconLit Index
Database with on campus and remote access.
Subject indexing and abstracts of journals and over 500 collective volumes per year, plus books, dissertations, and working papers.

Database: EMERALD
Database with on campus and remote access.
Full-text coverage in journals covering the major management disciplines including, marketing, HR and organizational development, library & information management, quality and operations management.

Database: Infotrac OneFile
Database with on campus and remote access.
More than 6,000 periodical and news titles including including business and technology publications.

 

Private Companies

Search Strategies
Often, there is not much to distinguish a small private company from its owner.  It is a good idea to search not only the company name, but personal names as well (owners, employees, etc.).  A great place to name search is news sources (e.g. local newspapers).  Another way to find information on private companies is to look for other companies that they might be affiliated with and search these company names.

Database: Hoover's Online
Database with on campus and remote access.
Entries on private companies may not be as extensive as those for public companies. 

Trade Journals
Trade magazines will often publish detailed articles on private companies.  These magazines are usually devoted to a particular industry.

Web Site: Trade Press
A directory of trade magazines by title or alphabetical listing.  (Focus on Asian, Pacific, New Zealand, and Australian sites)

Web Site: Current Trade Journals
A directory of current trade journals arranged alphabetically by title. Also links to newsletters and reports. This list is not a complete list, but a list of titles held by Michigan State University.

Web Site: American City Business Journals
Access to local business journals that provide news stories from a local business area perspective.

Database:
Academic Universe
Database with on campus and remote access.
This database indexes tons of trade publications.  Select 'Business' from the main menu on the left hand side of the screen, and select 'Business News' from the menu provided.  

Print: Ward’s Private Company Profiles
Available in the Kraemer Library reference collection, call number HG4009 W374
This is an annual series. Each volume covers approximately 150 privately held U.S. companies, which represent the full spectrum of economic activity in the United States. The companies profiled in this volume include industry leaders, up-and-coming companies, companies with sound operating and financial health, and companies that are in the midst of legal, financial, or management crises.

Print: Hoover’s Handbook of Private Companies
Available in the Kraemer Library reference collection, call number HG4009 H668 1998
Covers 710 major U.S. non-public business enterprises and provides in-depth profiles on 210 of the biggest and most influential industry giants, service leaders, financial powerhouses, and influential brand owners.

 

International Companies

Print: LexisNexis Corporate Affiliations 

Print: Hoover’s Handbook of World Business: Profiles of Major Global Enterprises
Available in the Kraemer Library reference collection, call number HG4009 H66 2001
Profiles 300 of the largest and most interesting enterprises headquartered outside the United States. From more than 30 countries, each company profile includes up to 10 years of financial data and features the people, events, products, and strategies that make these companies global players.

Print: CIFAR’s Global Company Handbook: An Analysis of the Financial Performance of the World’s Leading 7,500 Companies
Available in the Kraemer Library reference collection, call number

Print: Mergent International Manual. 4 Vols.
Available in the Kraemer Library reference collection, call numberHG4009 M66 2001
Provides a wide reference source for financial and business information on approximately 11,100 major corporations, sovereigns and their municipalities, and national and supranational institutions in 117 countries. Corporate information contained includes company history, description of business and property, financial statements, management, debt, capital and other key data.

Print: International Directory of Company Histories
Available in the Kraemer Library reference collection, call number HD2721 I63 1988
Most companies chosen for inclusion in this work have achieved a minimum of US$25 million in annual sales and are leading influences in their industries or geographical locations. Companies may be publicly held, private, or nonprofit. State-owned companies that are important in their industries and that may operate much like public or private companies also are included. Provides Index to Companies, Index to Industries, and Geographic Index.

Print: Directory of Venture Capital Firms, Domestic & International
Available in the Kraemer Library reference collection, call number HG4751 F582 [See above.]

Print: Major Employers of Europe: The Job Finder’s Directory
Available in the Kraemer Library reference collection, call number HG4132 Z5 M3 2002
Provides details of Europe’s largest 10,000 companies by number of employees. Company entries are listed alphabetically within each country section; in addition two indexes are provided at the back of the directory. The alphabetic index and SIC business activity index are provided.

Print: Directory of Foreign Firms Operating in the United States
Available in the Kraemer Library reference collection, call number HG4057 A21943 2000 [See above.]

Print: French Company Handbook: Detailed Profiles of France’s Leading Companies, Including the Complete SBF 120 Index
Available in the Kraemer Library reference collection, call number HD2853 F73 1998
Provides alphabetical index to company profile and by sector of activity to the companies in the SBF 120 Index and other major French companies.

Print: Report on Business Canada Company Handbook
Available in the Kraemer Library reference collection, call number HG4090 A337 1994
Provides ratios and price performance charts, and annual and quarterly financial information for 417 major Canadian public companies.

Print: Brazil Company Handbook
Available in the Kraemer Library reference collection, call number HG4109.5 B7 2000-01
Contains data and information on the Brazilian stock market and on the major companies listed on the Sao Paulo Stock Exchange.

Print: Germany’s Top 500
Available in the Kraemer Library reference collection, call number HD2857 G47 1999
Provides information on Germany’s top 500 major companies, Germany’s top 50 banks, and top 50 insurance companies. Contains Alphabetical Index, Advertiser’s Index, Index by Industry and Index by City.

 

Need Additional Help?

 

CALL! Phone the Reference desk at:  262-3295.
CLICK!  Email us at  refdesk@uccs.edu, or

COME IN! The Reference Desk is on the second level.

 

Please report broken links to: refdesk
This page was last updated: 08/01/2008
© 2003 University of Colorado at Colorado Springs